Sex education in American schools has long been a highly debated subject. With abortion no longer constitutionally protected, how sex and birth control methods are taught could seriously impact young people's futures in the United States.
Additionally, without national guidelines, sex education varies widely across states and local school systems. Some states even ban the discussion of abortion, for example. Abortion is a medical operation that ends a pregnancy. More than half of abortions in the United States are done with medication.
Comprehensive vs. abstinence
FILE - In this photo taken Sept. 10, 2010, sex education teacher Shayna Knowles gestures during class at St. Andrew's Episcopal Church in Lake Worth, Fla. (AP Photo/Alan Diaz)
Some U.S. school systems teach what is called comprehensive sex education. The Guttmacher Institute is an organization that supports abortion rights. It defines comprehensive sex education as giving students "the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values they need to determine and enjoy their sexuality—physically and emotionally, individually and in relationships."
These programs teach students about contraceptive methods, as well as sexual and gender orientation. Some programs also teach students about abortion.
However, schools in other U.S. states teach "abstinence-only" sex education. Abstinence is the practice of avoiding sex until marriage. Abstinence-only sex education stresses that waiting to have sex until marriage is the only sure way to avoid sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy.
Many abstinence-only programs do not teach students about contraceptives, or birth control methods, like condoms or pills. Other sex education programs teach about contraceptives but still stress abstinence as the safest method.
Debate over sex education
The nonprofit reproductive healthcare organization Planned Parenthood says there are seven states that ban abortion. In 12 states, abortion is legal but severely restricted. Eight other states have legalized abortion but restricted access.
Eva Goldfarb is a sex education researcher and professor of public health at Montclair State University. She said the states that ban or restrict abortion are usually the same ones that stress abstinence-only sex education.
"So the same people who want to limit access to abortion are also creating a situation in which there will be more unintended pregnancies and need for abortion," she said.
Christine Soyong Harley is the director of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), which supports comprehensive sex education.
She argued that abstinence programs pressure young people to avoid sex through misinformation. Abstinence-only programs lead students "to believe that if they engage in premarital sexual activity or if they identify as non-heterosexual, they will be found worthless by society."
Supporters of abstinence-based sex education however, point to some studies that support its effectiveness. But research from the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2016 found that "programs promoting abstinence-only until heterosexual marriage occurs are ineffective."
Ascend is a nonprofit group that supports abstinence-based sex education. It says that comprehensive models make teens feel pressured to have sex. The group also says that teens who have sex are more likely to do poorly in school, have decreased physical and mental health, and live in poverty. Ascend declined to comment for this story.
Penny Nance is the head of Concerned Women for America. The organization aims to "protect and promote" Christian values and conservative beliefs. She told NPR that some sex education programs "are surrendering to the idea that teenagers will be sexually active. We, as a culture, can do better."
Educators' experience
Wendy Sellers is a sex educator in Michigan who advises the state's sex education advisory boards. The boards, made up of parents and community members, set sex education study programs for school systems.
In Michigan, like in seven other states, it is against the law to talk about abortion in schools. Sellers said that if a student asks about abortion, teachers can only give a general answer. Teachers can explain that there are limits on what they are permitted to discuss in the classroom.
"I'm a big proponent of answering every question a student asks," Sellers added. "The law has always been problematic. Clearly, it's politically and religiously motivated to not answer questions about that topic."
Jamie Sebring teaches health and sex education in a middle school in Iowa, where abortion is permitted to be discussed in the classroom. But she said the subject is not part of the study program and is only discussed when a student asks a question about it.
"I don't bring it up and actively teach it … because I've had parents bring that up quite a bit with me," she said. Sebring added that school officials avoid teaching the topic partly out of fear of upsetting students' parents.
Now that abortion is banned in some states, women and girls that seek abortions could face legal troubles. "I think that it is even more important for people who are living in states that have abortion bans to understand the laws related to accessing abortion care," Harley said.
Goldfarb, the Montclair State professor, said access to reliable and accurate information on sex and sexuality is more important than ever. She pointed out that states have moved to ban discussion of LGBTQ topics in schools, like Florida's "Don't Say Gay" law. Other states have introduced similar bills as well.
"There is an all-out assault on sex education that is much, much, much broader than just the abortion issue," Goldfarb said.
I'm Faith Pirlo.
And I'm Dan Novak.
Dan Novak wrote this story for VOA Learning English.
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Words in This Story
comprehensive — adj. including many, most, or all things
attitude — n. the way you think and feel about someone or something
orientation — n. a person's feelings, interests, and beliefs
transmit — v. to cause to be given to others
access — n. a way of being able to use or get something
heterosexual — n. sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex
proponent — n. a person who argues for or supports something
motivate — v. to give (someone) a reason for doing something
topic — n. someone or something that people talk or write about
curriculum — n. the courses that are taught by a school, college, etc.
LGBTQ — adj. lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning one's sexual or gender identity
assault — n. a violent physical attack