The earliest presidents who lived in the White House did not want the large outdoor areas that the monarchs of Europe might enjoy.
Marta McDowell is writer of All the Presidents' Gardens. She said, "You can understand that, given our democratic form of government." But she said she thinks that a visit to the home of the British royal family, Buckingham Palace, caused President John Kennedy to expand the White House gardens.
From the start, presidents and their families influenced the 7.2 hectares of open space in the front and back of the White House differently. Their choices often showed their values and traditions of their day.
FILE - A view of the restored Rose Garden at the White House in Washington, Saturday, Aug. 22, 2020. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)
McDowell said that the White House is "really their home" while they are in office. She added that as long as they work with the historic plan of the gardens the National Park Service tries to meet the desires of the administration. The National Park Service oversees the gardens.
John Quincy Adams, America's sixth president, worked in the garden. Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president, took down glass structures called greenhouses that were first built by James Buchanan, the 15th president, in the 1850s.
John Kennedy, the 35th president, redesigned one garden called the Rose Garden in the 1960s. First lady Michelle Obama, wife of the 44th president, built a food garden using plants and seeds from the home of Thomas Jefferson, the third president. Today, the garden has more than 50 kinds of vegetables.
Pierre L'Enfant was the city planner and architect for America's first president, George Washington. At first, he planned for a 30-hectare presidential garden. However, as a believer in small government, Jefferson reduced the White House grounds to just 2 hectares. The gardens were expanded to the current 7.2 hectares
Jefferson, like many Americans who had just freed themselves from a British monarch, was concerned about creating a new king.
"Avoid palaces and gardens of palaces," William Thornton, a Washington city representative warned. "If you build a palace with gardens, I will find you a king."
Over time, several different plants and flowers were planted at the White House. They include roses which have been around since at least Jefferson's time. They also include peonies, wanted by first lady first lady Nancy Reagan of the 40th president, and Texas bluebells, asked for by first lady Laura Bush of the 43rd president.
Oak and elm trees have also been on the White House grounds almost since the beginning. One tree, a chestnut oak southeast of the White House, might be the oldest tree on the grounds. The White House says it has been around since 1800.
McDowell says the White House gardens represent gardening tradition over time. First it followed designs in Europe, and then it was shaped by local traditions, the area, and the climate.
But she said, "It's not that they are always the leader. In fact, sometimes they're following."
The White house grounds were open to the public up until 1923. That was when Calvin Coolidge, the 30th president, permanently closed them to unapproved visitors.
These days, the White House Garden planned visits for the public are usually available for the public twice a year, one weekend in the spring and again in autumn.
McDowell said, "They are full of tradition. They're full of beauty."
I'm Gregory Stachel.
Dora Mekouar reported this story for Voice of America. Gregory Stachel adapted it for VOA Learning English.
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Words in This Story
monarch – n. a person (such as a king or queen) who rules a kingdom or empire
garden – n. an area of ground where plants (such as flowers or vegetables) are grown
architect – n. a person who designs buildings
king – n. a male ruler of a country who usually inherits his position and rules for life
palace – n. the official home of a king, queen, or president